Uso ritual de alucinógenos y medicina psicodélica: Articulaciones alrededor del uso clínico de la ayahuasca en Brasil

Autors/ores

  • Genís Ona International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research & Service (ICEERS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Medical Anthropology Research Center (MARC) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2741-2876

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56247/qua.401

Paraules clau:

alucinógenos, psicoterapia psicodélica, indígena, Brasil, cultura

Resum

Actualmente estamos asistiendo a un renovado interés académico por drogas alucinógenas como la psilocibina o la ayahuasca. El uso clínico de alucinógenos se ha acompañado por
modelos psicoterapéuticos con los cuales se direccionan sus efectos subjetivos. El enfoque
clínico desarrollado en Brasil es especialmente interesante, ya que no cuenta con orientaciones
psicoterapéuticas o técnicas de direccionalidad de la experiencia subjetiva. En este texto se discute la compleja encrucijada que cristaliza en Brasil y que se produce entre el uso de ayahuasca en entornos clínicos, su uso por parte de comunidades Indígenas y religiosas, las
relaciones entre estas comunidades y la población general brasileña, y los modelos terapéuticos hegemónicos construidos alrededor de los alucinógenos.

Descàrregues

Les dades de descàrrega encara no estan disponibles.

Referències

Aixalà, M. (2022). Integración psiquedélica. Eleftheria.

Apud, I. (2020). Ayahuasca: Between cognition and culture. Publicacions URV.

Apud, I., y Romaní, O. (2020). Medical anthropology and symbolic cure: from the placebo to cultures of meaningful healing. Anthropology & Medicine, 27(2), 160-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2019.1649542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2019.1649542

Arocena, F. (2009). Multiculturalismo, mestizage y nacionalidad: un estudio comparado sobre Brasil, Bolivia y Perú. Barbarói, 25, 30-50.

Assis, J. A. S. (2021). Representações jornalísticas da ayahuasca. Dissertação do Programa de PósGraduação em Comunicação Social. Universidade Catolica de Minas Gerais. http://ciencia.udv.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/DISSERTAC%CC%A7A%CC%83O_REPRESENTAC%CC%A7O%CC%83ES-JORNALI%CC%81STICAS-DA-AYAHUASCA.pdf

Assis, G. L., & Rodrigues, J. A. (2018). Uma bebida, muitas visões: apontamentos sociológicos sobre a II Conferência Mundial da Ayahuasca. Horizontes Antropológicos, 24(51), 135-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-71832018000200006

Barry, A. (2005). Pharmaceutical matters: the invention of informed materials. Theory, Culture and Society, 22(1), 51-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/02632764050484 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276405048433

Benzaquen de Araújo, R. (1994). Guerra e paz. Editora 34.

Bogenschutz, M. P., Forcehimes, A. A., Pommy, J. A., Wilcox, C. E., Barbosa, P. C., &

Strassman, R. J. (2015). Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: a proof-of-concept study. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 29(3), 289-299. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114565144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114565144

Bolognesi, L. (2018). “Guerras do Brasil”, Ep. 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeMlSgnVDZ4.

Buarque de Holanda, S. (2015). Raízes do Brasil. Companhia das Letras.

Busch, A. K., y Johnson, W. C. (1950). L.S.D. 25 as an aid in psychotherapy; preliminary report of a new drug. Diseases of the Nervous System, 11(8), 241-243.

Cameron, L. P., Tombari, R. J., Lu, J., Pell, A. J., Hurley, Z. Q., Ehinger, Y., Vargas, M.

V., McCarroll, M. N., Taylor, J. C., Myers-Turnbull, D., Liu, T., Yaghoobi, B., Laskowski, L. J., Anderson, E. I., Zhang, G., Viswanathan, J., Brown, B. M., Tjia, M., Dunlap, L. E., Rabow, Z. T., … Olson, D. E. (2021). A non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analogue with therapeutic potential. Nature 589(7842), 474-479. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-3008-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-3008-z

Canda, E. R. (1988). Therapeutic Transformation in Ritual, Therapy, and Human Development. Journal of Religion and Health, 27(3), 205-220. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27505976 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01533182

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Rucker, J., Day, C. M., Erritzoe, D., Kaelen, M., Bloomfield, M., Rickard, J. A., Forbes, B., Feilding, A., Taylor, D., Pilling, S., Curran, V. H., y Nutt, D. J. (2016). Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. The lancet. Psychiatry, 3(7), 619-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30065-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30065-7

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Whalley, M. G., Bolstridge, M., Feilding, A., y Nutt, D. J. (2015). LSD enhances suggestibility in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 232(4), 785-794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3714-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3714-z

Cohen, S. (1960). Lysergic acid diethylamide: side effects and complications. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 130, 30-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-196001000-00005

D’Souza, D. C., Syed, S. A., Flynn, T. L., Safi-Aghdam, H., Cozzi, N. V., y Ranganathan, M. (2022). Exploratory study of the dose-related safety, tolerability, and efficacy of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in healthy volunteers and major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 47, 1854-1862.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01344-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01344-y

Dalgarno, P. y Shewan, D. (2005). Reducing the risks of drug use: The case for set and setting. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(3), 259-265.

https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562

Delmanto, J. (2020). Historia social do LSD no Brasil. Elefante.

Deloya, M. (2017). Importancia biocultural de seis especies de hongos silvestres de los géneros Amanita, Calostoma y Psilocybe en el estado de Oaxaca. Tesis de Maestría. Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, México.

Dittrich, A. (1994). Psychological aspects of altered states of consciousness of the LSD type: Measurements of their basic dimensions and prediction of individual differences. En A. Pletscher, D. Ladewig (Coordinadores). 50 Years of LSD. Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens (pp 101–118). Parthenon.

Dobkin de Ríos, M. (1976). Curas con ayahuasca en un barrio bajo urbano. En Harner, M. (Ed.), Alucinógenos y chamanismo (pp. 76-94). Ediciones Guadarrama.

Dow, J. (1986). Universal Aspects of Symbolic Healing: A Theoretical Synthesis. American Anthropologist, 88(1), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1986.88.1.02a00040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1986.88.1.02a00040

Dunsmore, M. W., y Kaplan, H. B. (1997). Peer support, perceptions of adverse effects, and the hallucinogenic drug experience. Applied Behavioral Science Review, 5, 219-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1068-8595(97)80016-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1068-8595(97)80016-5

Dupuis, D. (2021). Psychedelics as Tools for Belief Transmission. Set, Setting, Suggestibility, and Persuasion in the Ritual Use of Hallucinogens. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 730031. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730031

Dupuis, D., y Veissière, S. (2022). Culture, context, and ethics in the therapeutic use of hallucinogens: Psychedelics as active super-placebos? Transcultural Psychiatry, 59(5), 571-578. https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615221131465 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615221131465

Dyck, E. (2005). Flashback: psychiatric experimentation with LSD in historical perspective. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(7), 381-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370505000703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370505000703

Fernandes, N. (2022). A ayahuasca e os caminhos da imprensa psicodélica. Ciência Psicodélica,https://www.cienciapsicodelica.com.br/post/ayahuasca-e-os-caminhos-da-imprensa-psicodelica. Acceso online el 5 de agosto de 2022.

Filho, O. F. (2003). Queda livre: Ensaios de risco. Companhia das Letras.

Fotiou, E. (2019). The role of Indigenous knowledges in psychedelic science. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 4(1), 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.031

Fuentes, J. J., Fonseca, F., Elices, M., Farré, M., y Torrens, M. (2020). Therapeutic Use of LSD in Psychiatry: A Systematic Review of Randomized-Controlled Clinical Trials. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 943. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00943 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00943

George, D. R., Hanson, R., Wilkinson, D., y Garcia-Romeu, A. (2022). Ancient Roots of Today's Emerging Renaissance in Psychedelic Medicine. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 46(4), 890-903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-021-09749-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-021-09749-y

Gomart, E. (2002). Methadone: six effects in search of a substance. Social Studies of Science, 32(2), 93-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312702032001005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312702032001005

Grinspoon, L. y Bakalar, J. B. (1983). Psychedelic reflections. Human Sciences Press.

Grob, C. (2002). Hallucinogens. Penguin.

Grof, S. (2005). Psicoterapia con LSD. La liebre de marzo.

Haijen E. C. H. M., Kaelen M., Roseman L., Timmermann C., Kettner H., Russ S., Nutt.,D. Daws R. E., Hampshire A. D. G., Lorenz R., y Carhart-Harris R. L. (2018). Predicting responses to psychedelics: A prospective study. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9. https://doi-org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897

Hall, W. (2021). Why was early therapeutic research on psychedelic drugs abandoned? Psychological Medicine, 52(1), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721004207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721004207

Halpern, J. H., Sherwood, A. R., Passie, T., Blackwell, K. C., y Ruttenber, A. J. (2008). Evidence of health and safety in American members of a religion who use a hallucinogenic sacrament. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 14(8), SR15–SR22.

Hardon, A. & Sanabria, E. (2017). Fluid drugs: revisiting the anthropology of pharmaceuticals. Annual Review of Anthropology, 46, 117-32.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041539

Harris, R., y Gurel, L. (2012). A study of ayahuasca use in North America. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(3):209-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.703100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.703100

Hartogsohn, I. (2022). Modalities of the psychedelic experience: Microclimates of set and setting in hallucinogen research and culture. Transcultural Psychiatry, 59(5), 579-591. https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615221100385 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615221100385

Healy C. J., Lee K. A., y D’Andrea W. (2021). Using psychedelics with therapeutic intent is associated with lower shame and complex trauma symptoms in adults with histories of child maltreatment. Chronic Stress, 5. https://doi-org/10.1177/24705470211029881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470211029881

Hesselgrave, N., Troppoli, T. A., Wulff, A. B., Cole, A. B., y Thompson, S. M. (2021). Harnessing psilocybin: antidepressant-like behavioral and synaptic actions of psilocybin are independent of 5-HT2R activation in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(17), e2022489118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022489118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022489118

Hofmann, A. (2006). La historia del LSD. Gedisa.

Hopenhayn, M., Bello, Á., y Miranda, F. (2006). Los pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes ante el nuevo milenio”, Naciones Unidas, https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/6123/S0600265_es.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Acceso online el 4 de agosto de 2022.

Hyde, R. W. (1960). Psychological and social determinants of drug action. En G. J. Sarwer-Foner (Coordinador). The dynamics of psychiatric drug therapy (pp. 297-315). Thomas.

Kaertner, L. S., Steinborn, M. B., Kettner, H., Spriggs, M. J., Roseman, L., Buchborn, T., Balaet, M., Timmermann, C., Erritzoe, D., y Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2021). Positive expectations predict improved mental-health outcomes linked to psychedelic DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81446-7

microdosing. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-11. https://doi-org/10.1038/s41598-021-81446-7

Kast, E. (1967). Attenuation of anticipation: A therapeutic use of lysergic acid diethylamide. Psychiatric Quarterly, 41(4), 646-657. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01575629 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01575629

Kelly, J. R., Baker, A., Babiker, M., Burke, L., Brennan, C., y O'Keane, V. (2019). The psychedelic renaissance: the next trip for psychiatry? Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2019.39 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2019.39

Kettner, H. S., Rosas F., Timmermann, C., Kärtner, L., Carhart-Harris, R. L., y Roseman, L. (2021). Psychedelic communitas: Intersubjective experience during psychedelic group sessions predicts enduring changes in psychological wellbeing and social connectedness. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 1–20. https://doi-org/10.3389/fphar.2021.623985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.623985

Kirmayer, L. (2011). Unpacking the Placebo Response: Insights from Ethnographic Studies of Healing. The Journal of Mind-Body Regulation, 1(3), 112-124.

Kohek, M. (2021). Through the Looking-Glass: The use of psychoactive plants in Catalonia. (Tesis doctoral). Universitat Rovira i Virgili.

Kotler, S. (2010). The new psychedelic renaissance. Playboy, 50(2), 114-119.

Krebs, T. S., y Johansen, P. Ø. (2012). Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 26(7), 994-1002. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881112439253 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881112439253

Kurland, A. A. (1985). LSD in the supportive care of the terminally ill cancer patient. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 17(4), 279-290.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1985.10524332 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1985.10524332

Lanaro, R., Mello, S. M., da Cunha, K. F., Silveira, G., Corrêa-Neto, N. F., Hyslop, S., Cabrices, O. G., Costa, J. L., y Linardi, A. (2021). Kinetic profile of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and β-carbolines in saliva and serum after oral administration of ayahuasca in a religious context. Drug testing and analysis, 13(3), 664-678. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2955 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2955

Leary, T., Litwin, G. H., y Metzner, R. (1963). Reactions to psilocybin administered in a supportive environment. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 137, 561-573. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-196312000-00007

Leary, T. (1961). Drugs, set & suggestibility. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, September 6, 1961.

Levi-Strauss, C. (1958a). L’efficacité symbolique. Anthropologie structural (pp. 205-226). Plon.

Levi-Strauss, C. (1958b). Le sorcier et sa magie. Anthropologie structutztk (pp. 103-204). Plon.

Loizaga-Velder, A., y Verres, R. (2014). Therapeutic effects of ritual ayahuasca use in the treatment of substance dependence--qualitative results. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 46(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.873157 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.873157

Luna, L. E. y White, S. F. (2000). Ayahuasca Reader: Encounters with the Amazon's Sacred Vine. Synergetic Press.

MAPS (2007). Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy in the Management of Anxiety Associated With Stage IV Melanoma. https://maps.org/research-archive/cluster/psilo-lsd/pca1protocol.pdf. Acceso online el 3 de agosto de 2022.

Metzner, R., Litwin, G. H., y Weil, G. M. (1965). The relation of expectation and mood to psilocybin reactions: A questionnaire study. Psychedelic Review, 5, 3-39.

Miller, M. J., Albarracin-Jordan, J., Moore, C., y Capriles, J. M. (2019). Chemical evidence for the use of multiple psychotropic plants in a 1,000-year-old ritual bundle from South America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(23), 11207–11212. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902174116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902174116

Mitchell, J. M., Bogenschutz, M., Lilienstein, A., Harrison, C., Kleiman, S., Parker-Guilbert, K., Ot'alora G, M., Garas, W., Paleos, C., Gorman, I., Nicholas, C., Mithoefer, M., Carlin, S., Poulter, B., Mithoefer, A., Quevedo, S., Wells, G., Klaire, S. S., van der Kolk, B., Tzarfaty, K., … Doblin, R. (2021). MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Nature Medicine, 27(6), 1025-1033. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3

Mithoefer, M. C. (2015). A Manual for MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Disponible en: https://maps.org/research-archive/mdma/MDMA-Assisted-Psychotherapy-Treatment-Manual-Version7-19Aug15-FINAL.pdf

Moore, R. L. (1983). Contemporary psychotherapy as ritual process: an initial reconnaissance. Journal of Religion and Science, 18(3), 283-294.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1983.tb00515.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1983.tb00515.x

Okano, L., Jones, G., Deyo, B., Brandenburg, A., y Hale, W. (2022). Therapeutic setting as an essential component of psychedelic research methodology: Reporting recommendations emerging from clinical trials of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine for post-traumatic stress disorder. Frontiers in

psychiatry, 13, 965641. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.965641 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.965641

Olson, D. E. (2020). The subjective effects of psychedelics may not be necessary for their therapeutic impact. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 4(2), 563-567. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00192

Ona, G., y Bouso, J. C. (2021a). Towards the use of whole natural products in psychedelic research and therapy: Synergy, multi-target profiles and beyond. Frontiers in Natural Product Chemistry. Bentham Publishers. https://doi.org/10.2174/9781681089379121080005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/9781681089379121080005

Ona, G., y Bouso, J. C. (2021b). Therapeutic Potential of Natural Psychoactive Drugs for Central Nervous System Disorders: A Perspective from Polypharmacology. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 28(1):53-68. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666191212103330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1875533XMTAybOTQF3

Ona, G. (2018). Inside bad trips: Exploring extra-pharmacological factors. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 2(1), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2018.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2018.001

Padua, J. A. (2009). Natureza e sociedade no Brasil monárquico. En Grinberg, K., y Salles, R. (Eds.), O Brasil imperial (pp. 313-365). Civilização Brasileira.

Pahnke, W. N., Kurland, A. A., Goodman, L. E., y Richards, W. A. (1969). LSD-assisted psychotherapy with terminal cancer patients. Current Psychiatric

Therapies, 9, 144-152.

Pahnke, W. N. (1969). Psychedelic drugs and mystical experience. International Psychiatry Clinics, 5(4), 149-162.

Palhano-Fontes, F., et al. (2019). Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Psychological Medicine, 49(4), 655-663. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001356 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001356

Penna, A. G. (1999). Em Berço Esplendido. Ensaios De Psicologia Coletiva Brasileira. Topbooks.

Perkins, D., Schubert, V., Simonová, H., Tófoli, L. F., Bouso, J. C., Horák, M., Galvão-Coelho, N. L., y Sarris J. (2021). Influence of context and setting on the mental health and wellbeing outcomes of ayahuasca drinkers: Results of a large international survey. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.623979

https://doi-org/10.3389/fphar.2021.623979

Pontual, A. A. D., Tófoli, L. F., Corradi-Webster, C. M., van Oorsouw, K., Delgado, A. R. O., y Ramaekers, J. G. (2022). The influence of ceremonial settings on mystical and challenging experiences occasioned by ayahuasca: A survey among ritualistic and religious ayahuasca users. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 857372. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.857372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.857372

Prat, J. (2017). La nostalgia dels origens. Kairós.

Reynaud-Maurupt, C., Cadet-Taïrou, A., & Zoll, A. (2009). The contemporary uses of hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms: a qualitative exploratory study carried out in France. Substance Use and Misuse, 44(11), 1519-1552. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080802490170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080802490170

Riba, J., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., Urbano, G., Morte, A., Antonijoan, R., Montero, M., Callaway, J. C., y Barbanoj, M. J. (2001). Subjective effects and tolerability of the South American psychoactive beverage Ayahuasca in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 154(1), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130000606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130000606

Richards, W., Grof, S., Goodman, L., y Kurland, A. (1972). LSD-assisted psychotherapy and the human encounter with death. The Journal of Transpersonal

Psychology, 4(2), 121.

Rossi, G. N., da Silva Dias, I. C., Baker, G., Bouso, J. C., Dursun, S. M., Hallak, J. E. C., y dos Santos, R. G. (2022). Ayahuasca, a potentially rapid acting antidepressant: focus on safety and tolerability. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 21(6), 789-801. https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2022.2054988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2022.2054988

Rucker, J., Iliff, J., y Nutt, D. J. (2018). Psychiatry & the psychedelic drugs. Past, present & future. Neuropharmacology, 142, 200-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040

Samorini G (2019a). Piante psicoattive. Youcanprint.

Samorini, G. (2019b). The oldest archeological data evidencing the relationship of Homo sapiens with psychoactive plants: A worldwide overview. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 3(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.008

Sánchez-Avilés, C., y Bouso, J. C. (2015). Ayahuasca: From the Amazon to the Global Village. Transnational Institute Report. Disponible en:

https://www.tni.org/en/publication/ayahuasca-from-the-amazon-to-the-global-village

Santiago, F. H., Moreno, J. P., Cázares, B. X., Suárez, J. J., Trejo, E. O., de Oca, G. M., y Aguilar, I. D. (2016). Traditional knowledge and use of wild mushrooms by Mixtecs or Ñuu savi, the people of the rain, from Southeastern Mexico. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 12(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0108-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0108-9

Santos, B. W. L., Moreira, D. C., Borges, T. K. D. S., y Caldas, E. D. (2022). Components of Banisteriopsis caapi, a Plant Used in the Preparation of the Psychoactive Ayahuasca, Induce Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Microglial Cells. Molecules, 27(8), 2500. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082500 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082500

Schwarcz, L. M., y Starling, H. M. (2018). Brasil: Uma biografia, Companhia das Letras.

Sessa, B. (2012). Shaping the renaissance of psychedelic research. The Lancet, 380(9838), 200-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60600-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60600-X

Skidmore, T. E. (1976). Preto no branco. Raça e nacionalidade no pensamento brasileiro. Editora Paz e Terra.

Strassman, R. J., y Qualls, C. R. (1994). Dose-response study of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans. I. Neuroendocrine, autonomic, and cardiovascular

effects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(2), 85-97. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950020009001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950020009001

Studerus, E., Gamma, A., Kometer, M., y Vollenweider F. X. (2012). Prediction of psilocybin response in healthy volunteers. PloS One, 7(2), Article e30800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030800

https://doi-org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030800

Talin, P., y Sanabria, E. (2017). Ayahuasca's entwined efficacy: An ethnographic study of ritual healing from 'addiction’. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 44, 23-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.02.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.02.017

Van Court, R. C., Wiseman, M. S., Meyer, K. W., Ballhorn, D. J., Amses, K. R., Slot, J. C., Dentinger, B. T. M., Garibay-Orijel, R., y Uehling, J. K. (2022). Diversity, biology, and history of psilocybin-containing fungi: Suggestions for research and technological development. Fungal biology, 126(4), 308-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2022.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2022.01.003

Van der Geest, S., Whyte, S. R., y Hardon, A. (1996). The anthropology of pharmaceuticals: a biographical approach. Annual Review of Anthropology, 25, 153-178. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.25.1.153

Viol, A., Palhano-Fontes, F., Onias, H., de Araujo, D. B., Hövel, P., y Viswanathan, G. M. (2019). Characterizing Complex Networks Using Entropy-Degree Diagrams: Unveiling Changes in Functional Brain Connectivity Induced by Ayahuasca. Entropy (Basel), 21(2), 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020128

Waldram, J. B. (2000). The efficacy of traditional medicine: Current theoretical and methodological issues. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 14(4), 603-625.

https://doi.org/10.1525/maq.2000.14.4.603 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/maq.2000.14.4.603

Wasson, R. G. (1957). Seeking the Magic Mushrooms. Life Magazine, 101-120.

Whyte, S. R., van der Geest, S., y Hardon, A. (2002). Social Lives of Medicines. Cambridge University Press.

Yaden, D. B., Earp, D., Graziosi, M., Freedman-Wheeler, D., Luoma, J. B., Johnson, M. W. (2022). Psychedelics and Psychotherapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches as Default. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 873279. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873279 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873279

Yaden, D. B. y Griffiths, R. R. (2021). The subjective effects of psychedelics are necessary for their enduring therapeutic effects. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 4(2), 568-572. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00194 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00194

Publicades

2023-10-24

Com citar

Ona, G. (2023). Uso ritual de alucinógenos y medicina psicodélica: Articulaciones alrededor del uso clínico de la ayahuasca en Brasil. Quaderns De l’Institut Català d’Antropologia, 39(1), 198–219. https://doi.org/10.56247/qua.401